Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 1923-2861 print, 1923-287X online, Open Access |
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Endocrinol Metab and Elmer Press Inc |
Journal website https://www.jofem.org |
Original Article
Volume 13, Number 2, June 2023, pages 57-69
Application of Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose by Intermittently Scanned Continuous Glucose Monitoring to Lifestyle Improvement After Health Checkup
Figures
Tables
FGM group | Non-FGM group | P | |
---|---|---|---|
Data are expressed as median (interquartile range) unless otherwise indicated. *Statistically significant data. ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FGM: flash glucose monitoring; γ-GTP: γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; Hb: hemoglobin; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TG: triglycerides. | |||
Number of staff | 39 | 99 | |
Proportion of medical staff (%) | 56.4 | 52.5 | 0.709 |
Sex, male (%) | 46.2 | 54.7 | 0.450 |
Age (years) | 52.0 (46.0 - 56.0) | 52.0 (44.0 - 57.0) | 0.878 |
Height (cm) | 162.4 (158.8 - 169.9) | 165.5 (157.9 - 171.1) | 0.499 |
Weight (kg) | 71.1 (62.0 - 80.4) | 75.7 (66.7 - 83.1) | 0.116 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.3 (22.6 - 29.0) | 27.2 (25.5 - 30.6) | 0.165 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 92.0 (83.0 - 96.9) (n = 38) | 91.3 (87.0 - 97.9) (n = 92) | 0.466 |
SBP (mm Hg) | 128.0 (124.0 - 138.0) | 128.0 (121.0 - 141.0) | 0.732 |
DBP (mm Hg) | 82.0 (76.0 - 90.0) | 80.0 (73.0 - 87.0) | 0.140 |
AST (U/L) | 24.0 (19.0 - 28.0) | 22.0 (18.0 - 29.0) | 0.551 |
ALT (U/L) | 22.0 (17.0 - 37.0) | 28.0 (18.0 - 40.0) | 0.526 |
γ-GTP (U/L) | 34.0 (19.0 - 61.0) | 40.0 (23.0 - 67.0) | 0.248 |
TG (mg/dL) | 115.0 (92.0 - 221.0) | 132.0 (93.0 - 202.0) | 0.553 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 138.0 (123.0 - 158.0) | 139.0 (114.0 - 162.0) | 0.623 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 61.0 (48.0 - 71.0) | 55.0 (47.0 - 66.0) | 0.247 |
HbA1c (%) | 6.0 (5.7 - 6.4) | 5.9 (5.7 - 6.2) | 0.323 |
Hb (%) | 14.3 (13.7 - 15.3) | 14.8 (13.9 - 15.5) | 0.493 |
Current smoking (%) | 5.3 (n = 38) | 10.1 | 0.510 |
Alcohol consumption (%) | 18.2 (n = 38) | 14.1 | 0.579 |
Regular exercise (%) | 21.1 (n = 38) | 23.2 | 1.000 |
History of weight gain (%) | 57.9 (n = 38) | 68.7 | 0.237 |
Eating quickly (%) | 47.4 (n = 38) | 49.5 | 0.771 |
Requested health guidance (%) | 55.3 (n = 38)* | 34.3* | 0.032* |
Next year | After 3 years | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FGM | Non-FGM | P | FGM | Non-FGM | P | |
Amounts of change at 1 and 3 years after intervention are described. A decrease in BMI is defined as a change of -1 kg/m2 or more, and an increase as defined as +1 kg/m2 or more. Data are expressed as median (interquartile range) unless otherwise indicated. *Statistically significant data. ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FGM: flash glucose monitoring; γ-GTP: γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP: systolic blood pressure. | ||||||
Number of staff | 31 | 89 | 19 | 60 | ||
Sex, male (%) | 45.2 | 53.9 | 0.413 | 47.4 | 56.7 | 0.599 |
BMI (kg/m2) | -0.2 (-1.4 - 0.6) | 0.2 (-0.4 - 0.6) | 0.076 | -0.7 (-1.1 - 0.2) | -0.1 (-0.6 - 0.8) | 0.053 |
Waist circumference (cm) | -1.0 (-2.6 - 1.1) (n = 30)* | 0.3 (-1.0 - 1.6) (n = 82)* | 0.041* | -1.9 (-4.2 - 1.8)* | 1.0 (-1.7 - 3.2) (n = 57)* | 0.026* |
SBP (mm Hg) | -1.0 (-10.0 - 5.0) | 2.0 (-5.5 - 9.0) | 0.102 | -6.0 (-12.0 - 5.0)* | 1.0 (-5.0 - 12.8)* | 0.018* |
DBP (mm Hg) | -3.5 (-9.0 - 2.0)* | 0.0 (-5.0 - 6.0)* | 0.025* | -2.0 (-10.0 - 2.0)* | 3.0 (-4.0 - 6.0)* | 0.023* |
AST (U/L) | -1.0 (-5.0 - 1.0) | 0.0 (-2.0 - 4.5) | 0.084 | 0.0 (-4.0 - 3.0) | 0.5 (-3.8 - 6.8) | 0.748 |
ALT (U/L) | -2.0 (-9.0 - 2.0)* | 0.0 (-2.0 - 7.5)* | 0.015* | -1.0 (-7.0 - 7.0) | -0.5 (-6.0 - 10.8) | 0.796 |
γ-GTP (U/L) | -1.0 (-12.0 - 4.0) | 1.0 (-2.5 - 8.0) | 0.077 | 0.0 (-12.0 - 4.0) | 0.5 (-13.5 - 5.0) | 0.757 |
TG (mg/dL) | 6.0 (-43.0 - 24.0) | 3.0 (-29.0 - 36.0) | 0.594 | -13.0 (-63.0 - 9.0) | 3.5 (-28.3 - 43.0) | 0.150 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | -3.0 (-14.0 - 6.0) | -2.0 (-16.0 - 11.5) | 0.450 | -6.0 (-18.0 - 16.0) | -1.0 (-11.8 - 18.0) | 0.181 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 3.0 (-3.0 - 5.0) | 0.0 (-4.0 - 4.0) | 0.086 | 1.0 (-6.0 - 8.0) | -1.0 (-5.8 - 3.0) | 0.516 |
HbA1c (%) | 0.0 (-0.2 - 0.0) | 0.0 (-0.1 - 0.1) | 0.194 | 0.0 (-0.2 - 0.3) | 0.0 (-0.1 - 0.1) | 0.940 |
Decrease in BMI (%) | 32.3* | 10.1* | 0.008* | 26.3 | 11.7 | 0.148 |
Increase in BMI (%) | 12.9 | 13.5 | 1.000 | 10.5 | 21.7 | 0.502 |
Age | Number of daily scans | Average daily blood glucose level | Median (mean) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ρ | P | ρ | P | ρ | P | ||
Relationships between questionnaire contents after FGM and age, number of daily FGM scans, and resulting mean daily blood glucose level were examined by Spearman’s correlation analysis. Each questionnaire item was rated on a seven-point scale from 0 to 6. Median and mean values are shown in the rightmost column. *Statistically significant data. FGM: flash glucose monitoring. | |||||||
Pain in blood glucose measurement | -0.3576 | 0.0254* | 0.0128 | 0.9384 | -0.0756 | 0.6474 | 6 (5.5) |
Blood glucose higher than expected | -0.0850 | 0.6070 | -0.0716 | 0.6647 | -0.4338 | 0.0073* | 3 (3.1) |
Blood glucose undesirably low | 0.0125 | 0.9397 | -0.0810 | 0.6240 | 0.4298 | 0.0063* | 5 (4.7) |
Willingness to improve diet and exercise habits | -0.0611 | 0.7116 | 0.2981 | 0.0653 | -0.1112 | 0.5003 | 6 (5.4) |
Motivation to treat obesity and diabetes | -0.2318 | 0.1557 | 0.3230 | 0.0449* | -0.2051 | 0.2105 | 6 (5.4) |
Desire to use the Libre again | -0.2287 | 0.1614 | 0.2093 | 0.2010 | -0.2406 | 0.1401 | 6 (5.3) |
Recommending the Libre to others | -0.0705 | 0.6699 | -0.0485 | 0.7694 | -0.1220 | 0.4592 | 6 (5.3) |
Expectation to improve lifestyle with the Libre | -0.0427 | 0.7964 | -0.0788 | 0.6333 | 0.0661 | 0.6892 | 6 (5.6) |