J Endocrinol Metab

Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 1923-2861 print, 1923-287X online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Endocrinol Metab and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jofem.org

Original Article

Volume 6, Number 3, June 2016, pages 80-89

Hypovitaminosis D Is Associated With Visceral Adiposity, High Levels of Low-Density Lipoprotein and Triglycerides in Alternating Shift Workers

**Table 1.** Distribution of Categories of Demographic and Behavioral Variables According to the Levels of 25(OH)D
Variables	25(OH)D < 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L)	25(OH)D ≥ 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L)	Total	n	Odds ratio (95% CI)	P value*
^aSystolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg or use of antihypertensive (VI Diretrizes Brasileira de Hipertensao, 2010). ^bOne or more ATPIII criteria: total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dL, LDL-c ≥ 130 mg/dL, HDL-c < 40 mg/dL, TG ≥ 150 mg/dL, VLDL-c ≥ 30 mg/dL.
Age (years), mean ± SD	36.7 ± 7.5	34.7 ± 6.4	36.1 ± 7.3	391	-	0.016
Skin color			%			0.835
White	100 (35.1)	36 (34)	34.8	136	1.0
Non-white	185 (64.9)	70 (66)	65.2	255	0.95 (0.59 - 1.52)
Total				391
Education			%			0.175
≤ 8 years	32 (11.2)	7 (6.6)	10.0	39	1.0
> 8 years	253 (88.8)	99 (93.4)	90.0	352	0.56 (0.24 - 1.31)
Total				391
Time spent in shift work			%			0.427
≤ 5 years	135 (47.4)	55 (51.9)	48.6	190	1.0
> 5 years	150 (52.6)	51 (48.1)	51.4	201	1.19 (0.76 - 1.87)
Total				391
Seasonality			%			< 0.0001
Spring	221 (77.5)	61 (57.5)	72.1	282	1.0
Summer	64 (22.5)	45 (42.5)	27.9	108	0.72 (0.68 - 0.77)
Total				391
Smoking			%			0.183
No	220 (82.1)	87 (87.9)	83.7	307	1.0
Yes	48 (17.9)	12 (12.1)	16.3	60	1.58 (0.80 - 3.12)
Total				367
Alcohol consumption			%			0.135
Low risk	246 (86.3)	85 (80.2)	84.7	331	1.0
Risk	39 (13.7)	21 (19.8)	15.3	60	0.64 (0.35 - 1.15)
Total				391
Physical activity			%			0.103
≥ 3 days/week	42 (14.7)	9 (8.5)	87.0	340	1.0
< 3 days/week	243 (85.3)	97 (91.5)	13.0	51	1.86 (0.87 - 3.97)
Total				391
Hypertension^a			%			0.057
No	90 (33.6)	23 (23.2)	69.2	113	1.0
Yes	178 (66.4)	76 (76.8)	30.8	254	0.6 (0.35 - 1.01)
Total				367
Dyslipidemia^b			%			< 0.0001
No	58 (20.4)	43 (40.6)	25.8	101	1.0
Yes	227 (79.6)	63 (59.4)	74.2	290	2.7 (1.6 - 4.3)
Total				391

Table 1. Distribution of Categories of Demographic and Behavioral Variables According to the Levels of 25(OH)D

Variables

25(OH)D < 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L)

25(OH)D ≥ 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L)

Total

Odds ratio (95% CI)

P value*

^aSystolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg or use of antihypertensive (VI Diretrizes Brasileira de Hipertensao, 2010). ^bOne or more ATPIII criteria: total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dL, LDL-c ≥ 130 mg/dL, HDL-c < 40 mg/dL, TG ≥ 150 mg/dL, VLDL-c ≥ 30 mg/dL.

Age (years), mean ± SD

36.7 ± 7.5

34.7 ± 6.4

36.1 ± 7.3

391

0.016

Skin color

0.835

White

100 (35.1)

36 (34)

34.8

136

1.0

Non-white

185 (64.9)

70 (66)

65.2

255

0.95 (0.59 - 1.52)

Total

391

Education

0.175

≤ 8 years

32 (11.2)

7 (6.6)

10.0

1.0

> 8 years

253 (88.8)

99 (93.4)

90.0

352

0.56 (0.24 - 1.31)

Total

391

Time spent in shift work

0.427

≤ 5 years

135 (47.4)

55 (51.9)

48.6

190

1.0

> 5 years

150 (52.6)

51 (48.1)

51.4

201

1.19 (0.76 - 1.87)

Total

391

Seasonality

< 0.0001

Spring

221 (77.5)

61 (57.5)

72.1

282

1.0

Summer

64 (22.5)

45 (42.5)

27.9

108

0.72 (0.68 - 0.77)

Total

391

Smoking

0.183

220 (82.1)

87 (87.9)

83.7

307

1.0

Yes

48 (17.9)

12 (12.1)

16.3

1.58 (0.80 - 3.12)

Total

367

Alcohol consumption

0.135

Low risk

246 (86.3)

85 (80.2)

84.7

331

1.0

Risk

39 (13.7)

21 (19.8)

15.3

0.64 (0.35 - 1.15)

Total

391

Physical activity

0.103

≥ 3 days/week

42 (14.7)

9 (8.5)

87.0

340

1.0

< 3 days/week

243 (85.3)

97 (91.5)

13.0

1.86 (0.87 - 3.97)

Total

391

Hypertension^a

0.057

90 (33.6)

23 (23.2)

69.2

113

1.0

Yes

178 (66.4)

76 (76.8)

30.8

254

0.6 (0.35 - 1.01)

Total

367

Dyslipidemia^b

< 0.0001

58 (20.4)

43 (40.6)

25.8

101

1.0

Yes

227 (79.6)

63 (59.4)

74.2

290

2.7 (1.6 - 4.3)

Total

391

**Table 2.** Biochemical Characteristics, Anthropometric, and Clinical Body Composition According to Levels of 25(OH)D
Variables	25(OH)D < 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L)	25(OH)D ≥ 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L)	Mean (SD)	n	Odds ratio (95% CI)	P value*
BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; NC: neck circumference; WHR: waist-hip ratio; WHER: waist-height ratio; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; VLDL-c: very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PTH: parathyroid hormone; CRP: C-reactive protein; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure. *Amounts expressed in the logarithmic form. P value for Pearson’s Chi-square < 0.05 was considered significant.
BMI (kg/m²)			26.6 (3.7)			0.015
< 25	83 (30.9)	44 (44.4)		127	1.0
≥ 25	186 (69.1)	55 (55.6)		241	1.8 (1.11 - 2.87)
Total				368
WC (cm)			91.2 (11.2)			0.025
< 90	101 (37.5)	50 (50.5)		151	1.0
≥ 90	168 (62.5)	49 (49.5)		217	1.69 (1.06 - 2.7)
Total				368
NC (cm)			39.3 (3.3)			0.008
< 39.5	129 (48)	63 (63.6)		192	1.0
≥ 39.5	140 (52)	36 (36.4)		176	1.9 (1.2 - 3.0)
Total				368
WHR			0.9 (0.8)			0.017
< 0.90	128 (47.6)	61 (61.6)		189	1.0
≥ 0.90	141 (52.4)	38 (38.4)		179	1.76 (1.1 - 2.8)
Total				368
WHER			0.52(0.06)			0.000
< 0.50	63 (23.6)	42 (42.4)		105	1.0
≥ 0.50	204 (76.4)	57 (57.6)		261	2.38 (1.5 - 3.9)
Total				366
Visceral fat area (cm³)			8.3 (5.8)			0.002
1 - 10	196 (73.1)	87 (88.8)		283	1.0
11 - 20	72 (26.9)	11 (11.2)		83	2.9 (1.5 - 5.7)
Total				366
SBP (mm Hg)			133.0 (12.8)			0.06
< 140	179 (66.5)	76 (76.8)		255	1.0
≥ 140	90 (33.5)	23 (23.2)		113	1.66 (1.0 - 2.8)
Total				368
DBP (mm Hg)			82.9 (8.9)			0.168
< 90	207 (77.2)	83 (83.8)		290	1.0
≥ 90	61 (22.8)	16 (16.2)		77	1.52 (0.83 - 2.8)
Total				367
PTH (pg/mL)			31.4 (11.1)			0.217
< 65	275 (98.6)	105 (100)		380	1.0
≥ 65	4 (1.4)	0 (0)		4	0.72 (0.7 - 0.8)
Total				384
TC (mg/dL)			195.3 (43.1)			0.05
< 240	239 (83.9)	97 (91.5)		336	1.0
≥ 240	46 (16.1)	9 (8.5)		55	2.07 (1.0 - 4.4)
Total				391
HDL-c (mg/dL)			55.4 (17.1)			0.656
≥ 40	231 (81.1)	88 (83.0)		319	1.0
< 40	54 (18.9)	18 (17.0)		72	1.14 (0.6 - 2.0)
Total				391
LDL-c (mg/dL)			109.8 (36.5)			0.003
< 160	241 (86.7)	101 (97.1)		342	1.0
≥ 160	37 (13.3)	3 (2.9)		40	5.2 (1.5 - 17.1)
Total				382
TG (mg/dL)			155.8 (84.8)			0.000
< 150	140 (49.1)	75 (70.8)		215	1.0
≥ 150	145 (50.9)	31 (29.2)		176	2.5 (1.5 - 4.0)
Total				391
VLDL-c (mg/dL)			30.0 (14.0)			0.000
< 30	140 (50)	75 (72.1)		215	1.0
≥ 30	140 (50)	29 (27.9)		169	2.6 (1.6 - 4.2)
Total				384
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)		88.3 (16.6)			0.025
< 100	245 (88.8)	101 (96.2)		346	1.0
≥ 100	31 (11.2)	4 (3.8)		35	3.2 (1.1 - 9.3)
Total				381
Adiponectin (pg/mL)**		6.5 (0.5)			0.895
< 6.77	142 (75.9)	51 (75)		193	1.0
≥ 6.77	45 (24.1)	17 (25)		62	0.95 (0.5 - 1.8)
Total				255
Fasting insulin (pg/mL)**		2.45 (0.26)			0.110
< 2.6	56 (82.4)	135 (72.6)		191	1.0
≥ 2.6	12 (17.6)	51 (27.4)		63	1.7 (0.8 - 3.5)
Total				254
CRP (mg/L)			8.7 (10)			0.820
< 3	20 (29.4)	52 (28.0)		72	1.0
≥ 3	48 (70.6)	134 (72)		182	1.1 (0.6 - 2.0)
Total				254

Table 2. Biochemical Characteristics, Anthropometric, and Clinical Body Composition According to Levels of 25(OH)D

Variables

25(OH)D < 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L)

25(OH)D ≥ 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L)

Mean (SD)

Odds ratio (95% CI)

P value*

BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; NC: neck circumference; WHR: waist-hip ratio; WHER: waist-height ratio; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; VLDL-c: very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PTH: parathyroid hormone; CRP: C-reactive protein; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure. **Amounts expressed in the logarithmic form. *P value for Pearson’s Chi-square < 0.05 was considered significant.

BMI (kg/m²)

26.6 (3.7)

0.015

< 25

83 (30.9)

44 (44.4)

127

1.0

≥ 25

186 (69.1)

55 (55.6)

241

1.8 (1.11 - 2.87)

Total

368

WC (cm)

91.2 (11.2)

0.025

< 90

101 (37.5)

50 (50.5)

151

1.0

≥ 90

168 (62.5)

49 (49.5)

217

1.69 (1.06 - 2.7)

Total

368

NC (cm)

39.3 (3.3)

0.008

< 39.5

129 (48)

63 (63.6)

192

1.0

≥ 39.5

140 (52)

36 (36.4)

176

1.9 (1.2 - 3.0)

Total

368

WHR

0.9 (0.8)

0.017

< 0.90

128 (47.6)

61 (61.6)

189

1.0

≥ 0.90

141 (52.4)

38 (38.4)

179

1.76 (1.1 - 2.8)

Total

368

WHER

0.52(0.06)

0.000

< 0.50

63 (23.6)

42 (42.4)

105

1.0

≥ 0.50

204 (76.4)

57 (57.6)

261

2.38 (1.5 - 3.9)

Total

366

Visceral fat area (cm³)

8.3 (5.8)

0.002

1 - 10

196 (73.1)

87 (88.8)

283

1.0

11 - 20

72 (26.9)

11 (11.2)

2.9 (1.5 - 5.7)

Total

366

SBP (mm Hg)

133.0 (12.8)

0.06

< 140

179 (66.5)

76 (76.8)

255

1.0

≥ 140

90 (33.5)

23 (23.2)

113

1.66 (1.0 - 2.8)

Total

368

DBP (mm Hg)

82.9 (8.9)

0.168

< 90

207 (77.2)

83 (83.8)

290

1.0

≥ 90

61 (22.8)

16 (16.2)

1.52 (0.83 - 2.8)

Total

367

PTH (pg/mL)

31.4 (11.1)

0.217

< 65

275 (98.6)

105 (100)

380

1.0

≥ 65

4 (1.4)

0 (0)

0.72 (0.7 - 0.8)

Total

384

TC (mg/dL)

195.3 (43.1)

0.05

< 240

239 (83.9)

97 (91.5)

336

1.0

≥ 240

46 (16.1)

9 (8.5)

2.07 (1.0 - 4.4)

Total

391

HDL-c (mg/dL)

55.4 (17.1)

0.656

≥ 40

231 (81.1)

88 (83.0)

319

1.0

< 40

54 (18.9)

18 (17.0)

1.14 (0.6 - 2.0)

Total

391

LDL-c (mg/dL)

109.8 (36.5)

0.003

< 160

241 (86.7)

101 (97.1)

342

1.0

≥ 160

37 (13.3)

3 (2.9)

5.2 (1.5 - 17.1)

Total

382

TG (mg/dL)

155.8 (84.8)

0.000

< 150

140 (49.1)

75 (70.8)

215

1.0

≥ 150

145 (50.9)

31 (29.2)

176

2.5 (1.5 - 4.0)

Total

391

VLDL-c (mg/dL)

30.0 (14.0)

0.000

< 30

140 (50)

75 (72.1)

215

1.0

≥ 30

140 (50)

29 (27.9)

169

2.6 (1.6 - 4.2)

Total

384

Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

88.3 (16.6)

0.025

< 100

245 (88.8)

101 (96.2)

346

1.0

≥ 100

31 (11.2)

4 (3.8)

3.2 (1.1 - 9.3)

Total

381

Adiponectin (pg/mL)**

6.5 (0.5)

0.895

< 6.77

142 (75.9)

51 (75)

193

1.0

≥ 6.77

45 (24.1)

17 (25)

0.95 (0.5 - 1.8)

Total

255

Fasting insulin (pg/mL)**

2.45 (0.26)

0.110

< 2.6

56 (82.4)

135 (72.6)

191

1.0

≥ 2.6

12 (17.6)

51 (27.4)

1.7 (0.8 - 3.5)

Total

254

CRP (mg/L)

8.7 (10)

0.820

< 3

20 (29.4)

52 (28.0)

1.0

≥ 3

48 (70.6)

134 (72)

182

1.1 (0.6 - 2.0)

Total

254

**Table 3.** Distribution of Serum Levels of Lipid Profile Components, PTH, Blood Glucose, Insulin, and Adiponectin According to the Quartile of 25(OH)D in the Group of Alternating Shift Workers in the Inconfidentes Region, Minas Gerais
Variables	Quartile 1 (0 - 19.9 ng/mL) (0 - 49.9 nmol/L)	Quartile 2 (20 - 24.6 ng/mL) (50 - 61.1 nmol/L)	Quartile 3 (24.7 - 29.7 ng/mL) (61.2 - 74.2 nmol/L)	Quartile 4 (29.8 - 60 ng/mL) (74.3 - 150 nmol/L)	P value*
Amount expressed in the logarithmic form one-way ANOVA TG. TC: total cholesterol; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; VLDL-c: very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BMI: body mass index; VFA: visceral fat area; PTH: parathyroid hormone; FG: fasting glucose; FI: fasting insulin; ADP: adiponectin; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure. P value for the ANOVA < 0.05 was considered significant. ^a,b,cEqual letters indicate similar means Tukey post-test.
TG (mg/dL)	191.1 ± 90.3^a	169.4 ± 89.9^a	134.8 ± 63.8^b	132.5 ± 79.8^b	< 0.001
TC (mg/dL)	199.4 ± 47.9^{a, b}	202.4 ± 41.3^b	197.0 ± 43.6^{a, b}	183.7 ± 38.1^a	0.010
HDL-c (mg/dL)	52.2 ± 17.2^a	54.6 ± 15.5^a	56.6 ± 18.0^a	57.8 ± 17.6^a	0.109
LDL-c (mg/dL)	111.0 ± 37.2^{a, b}	115. 7 ± 37.0^a	113.7 ± 39.5^a	100.0 ± 30.7^b	0.011
VLDL-c (mg/dL)	36.8 ± 15.5^a	32.1 ± 12.4^a	26.3 ± 11.2^b	25.3 ± 13.7^b	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	27.5 ± 2.8^a	28.0 ± 4.2^a	25.5 ± 3.5^b	25.5 ± 3.3^b	< 0.001
VFA (cm³)	9.2 ± 3.0^a	9.1 ± 3.6^a	7.1 ± 2.8^b	7.8 ± 9.7^b	< 0.001
PTH (pg/mL)	35.4 ± 13.5^a	31.3 ± 10.6^b	29.6 ± 9.1^b	29.9 ± 10.3^b	0.001
FG (mg/dL)	93.2 ± 26.6^a	89.4 ± 12.7^{a, b}	86.6 ± 14.0^b	85.0 ± 8.0^b	0.004
FI (pg/mL)*	2.5 ± 0.2^a	2.5 ± 0.3^a	2.4 ± 0.3^a	2.4 ± 0.3^a	0.017
ADP (pg/mL)*	6.6 ± 0.3^a	6.5 ± 0.3^a	6.5 ± 0.6^a	6.6 ± 0.4^a	0.288
SBP (mm Hg)	135.9 ± 12.6^a	134.0 ± 12.4^{a, b}	132.0 ± 12.9^{a, b}	130.3 ± 12.8^b	0.020
DBP (mm Hg)	84.9 ± 9.2^a	84.2 ± 9.4^a	81.7 ± 7.6^{a, b}	80.8 ± 8.8^b	0.003

Table 3. Distribution of Serum Levels of Lipid Profile Components, PTH, Blood Glucose, Insulin, and Adiponectin According to the Quartile of 25(OH)D in the Group of Alternating Shift Workers in the Inconfidentes Region, Minas Gerais

Variables

Quartile 1
(0 - 19.9 ng/mL)
(0 - 49.9 nmol/L)

Quartile 2
(20 - 24.6 ng/mL)
(50 - 61.1 nmol/L)

Quartile 3
(24.7 - 29.7 ng/mL)
(61.2 - 74.2 nmol/L)

Quartile 4
(29.8 - 60 ng/mL)
(74.3 - 150 nmol/L)

P value*

*Amount expressed in the logarithmic form one-way ANOVA TG. TC: total cholesterol; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; VLDL-c: very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BMI: body mass index; VFA: visceral fat area; PTH: parathyroid hormone; FG: fasting glucose; FI: fasting insulin; ADP: adiponectin; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure. *P value for the ANOVA < 0.05 was considered significant. ^a,b,cEqual letters indicate similar means Tukey post-test.

TG (mg/dL)

191.1 ± 90.3^a

169.4 ± 89.9^a

134.8 ± 63.8^b

132.5 ± 79.8^b

< 0.001

TC (mg/dL)

199.4 ± 47.9^{a, b}

202.4 ± 41.3^b

197.0 ± 43.6^{a, b}

183.7 ± 38.1^a

0.010

HDL-c (mg/dL)

52.2 ± 17.2^a

54.6 ± 15.5^a

56.6 ± 18.0^a

57.8 ± 17.6^a

0.109

LDL-c (mg/dL)

111.0 ± 37.2^{a, b}

115. 7 ± 37.0^a

113.7 ± 39.5^a

100.0 ± 30.7^b

0.011

VLDL-c (mg/dL)

36.8 ± 15.5^a

32.1 ± 12.4^a

26.3 ± 11.2^b

25.3 ± 13.7^b

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

27.5 ± 2.8^a

28.0 ± 4.2^a

25.5 ± 3.5^b

25.5 ± 3.3^b

< 0.001

VFA (cm³)

9.2 ± 3.0^a

9.1 ± 3.6^a

7.1 ± 2.8^b

7.8 ± 9.7^b

< 0.001

PTH (pg/mL)

35.4 ± 13.5^a

31.3 ± 10.6^b

29.6 ± 9.1^b

29.9 ± 10.3^b

0.001

FG (mg/dL)

93.2 ± 26.6^a

89.4 ± 12.7^{a, b}

86.6 ± 14.0^b

85.0 ± 8.0^b

0.004

FI (pg/mL)*

2.5 ± 0.2^a

2.5 ± 0.3^a

2.4 ± 0.3^a

0.017

ADP (pg/mL)*

6.6 ± 0.3^a

6.5 ± 0.3^a

6.5 ± 0.6^a

6.6 ± 0.4^a

0.288

SBP (mm Hg)

135.9 ± 12.6^a

134.0 ± 12.4^{a, b}

132.0 ± 12.9^{a, b}

130.3 ± 12.8^b

0.020

DBP (mm Hg)

84.9 ± 9.2^a

84.2 ± 9.4^a

81.7 ± 7.6^{a, b}

80.8 ± 8.8^b

0.003

**Table 4.** Risk Factors Adjusted for Age and Seasonality for Hypovitaminosis D (25(OH)D < 30 ng/mL or 75 nmol/L) in Alternating Shift Workers, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Variables	Crude odds ratio (95% CI)	P value	Adjusted odds ratio* (95% CI)	P value
CI: confidence interval. *Adjusting for age and seasonality.
Visceral fat area (cm³)
11 - 20	2.9 (1.5 - 5.7)	0.002	2.4 (1.1 - 5.2)	0.037
LDL-cholesterol level (mg/dL)
≥ 160	5.2 (1.5 - 17.1)	0.003	5.9 (1.3 - 25.7)	0.018
Triglycerides level (mg/dL)
≥ 150	2.5 (1.5 - 4.0)	0.000	2.3 (1.3 - 4.0)	0.003

Table 4. Risk Factors Adjusted for Age and Seasonality for Hypovitaminosis D (25(OH)D < 30 ng/mL or 75 nmol/L) in Alternating Shift Workers, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Variables

Crude odds ratio (95% CI)

P value

Adjusted odds ratio* (95% CI)

P value

CI: confidence interval. *Adjusting for age and seasonality.

Visceral fat area (cm³)

11 - 20

2.9 (1.5 - 5.7)

0.002

2.4 (1.1 - 5.2)

0.037

LDL-cholesterol level (mg/dL)

≥ 160

5.2 (1.5 - 17.1)

0.003

5.9 (1.3 - 25.7)

0.018

Triglycerides level (mg/dL)

≥ 150

2.5 (1.5 - 4.0)

0.000

2.3 (1.3 - 4.0)

0.003

**Table 5.** Bivariate Association of Risk for Hypovitaminosis D Between Serum Levels of Triglycerides (TG) > 150 md/dL, Visceral Fat Area (VFA) 11 - 20 cm³ and LDL-c > 160 mg/dL
		Insufficient	Sufficient	Crude odds ratio (95% CI)	P value	Adjusted odds ratio* (95%CI)	P value
CI: confidence interval; TG: triglycerides; VFA: visceral fat area; LDL-c: high density lipoprotein. *Adjusting for age and seasonality.
TG	VFA
No	No	141 (66.8)	70 (33.2)	1.0	-	1.0
No	Yes	27 (77.1)	8 (2.9)	1.7 (0.7 - 3.9)	0.22	2.0 (0.80 - 4.89)	0.14
Yes	No	105 (80.8)	25 (19.2)	2.1 (1.2 - 3.5)	0.005	2.2 (1.23 - 3.83)	0.008
Yes	Yes	50 (94.3)	3 (5.7)	8.2 (2.5 - 27.5)	< 0.001	8.2 (2.38 - 28.51)	0.001
LDL-c	TG
No	No	164 (67.5)	79 (32.5)	1.0	-	1.0
No	Yes	130 (81.3)	30 (18.7)	2.1 (1.3 - 3.4)	0.002	2.1 (1.2 - 3.5)	0.007
Yes	No	16 (88.9)	2 (16.1)	3.9 (1.9 - 17)	0.058	3.5 (0.7 - 16.1)	0.107
Yes	Yes	24 (96.0)	1 (4.0)	11.6 (1.5 - 87.0)	0.003	11.1 (1.4 - 84.2)	0.02

Table 5. Bivariate Association of Risk for Hypovitaminosis D Between Serum Levels of Triglycerides (TG) > 150 md/dL, Visceral Fat Area (VFA) 11 - 20 cm³ and LDL-c > 160 mg/dL

Insufficient

Sufficient

Crude odds ratio (95% CI)

P value

Adjusted odds ratio* (95%CI)

P value

CI: confidence interval; TG: triglycerides; VFA: visceral fat area; LDL-c: high density lipoprotein. *Adjusting for age and seasonality.

VFA

141 (66.8)

70 (33.2)

1.0

Yes

27 (77.1)

8 (2.9)

1.7 (0.7 - 3.9)

0.22

2.0 (0.80 - 4.89)

0.14

Yes

105 (80.8)

25 (19.2)

2.1 (1.2 - 3.5)

0.005

2.2 (1.23 - 3.83)

0.008

Yes

50 (94.3)

3 (5.7)

8.2 (2.5 - 27.5)

< 0.001

8.2 (2.38 - 28.51)

0.001

LDL-c

164 (67.5)

79 (32.5)

1.0

Yes

130 (81.3)

30 (18.7)

2.1 (1.3 - 3.4)

0.002

2.1 (1.2 - 3.5)

0.007

Yes

16 (88.9)

2 (16.1)

3.9 (1.9 - 17)

0.058

3.5 (0.7 - 16.1)

0.107

Yes

24 (96.0)

1 (4.0)

11.6 (1.5 - 87.0)

0.003

11.1 (1.4 - 84.2)

0.02