J Endocrinol Metab

Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 1923-2861 print, 1923-287X online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Endocrinol Metab and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jofem.org

Original Article

Volume 6, Number 5, October 2016, pages 135-142

Glycemic Control Rate in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Treated at a Public Tertiary Referral Hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

**Table 1.** Clinical and Epidemiological Data
Variables	Total, n (%)
^aAge, patient’s age obtained at the last consultation. BMI: body mass index.
Male/female	70 (50%)/70 (50%)
Age^a (years)	19.0 (6 - 64)
0 - 18	69 (49.30%)
> 18	71 (50.70%)
Age at diagnosis (years)	10.0/1 - 33
0 - 5	14 (10%)
5 - 9.9	50 (35.72%)
10 - 14.9	39 (27.86%)
15 - 19.9	21 (15%)
20 - 29.9	15 (10.71%)
≥ 30	1 (0.71%)
Diabetes duration (months)	84 (2 - 660)
Treatment
Basal intermediate action insulin	94 (67.15%)
Basal long duration analogues	46 (32.85%)
Bolus rapid action insulin	62 (44.29%)
Bolus ultra-rapid action insulin	78 (55.71%)
Self-monitoring of blood glucose (n = 132)
< 1 time/day	13 (9.85%)
1 - 3 times/day	58 (43.94%)
≥ 4 times/day	61 (46.21%)
Consultations/year	2 (1 - 4)
1	50 (35.71%)
2	48 (34.29%)
3	28 (20%)
4	14 (10%)
Ketoacidosis at diagnosis (n = 91)	47 (51.65%)
Ketoacidosis during the evolution of the disease (n = 78)	21 (26.92%)
Retinopathy (n = 102)	24 (23.53%)
Nephropathy (n = 91)	11 (12.09%)
Waist circumference (cm)	78.94 ± 12.42
BMI (kg/m²)	21.97 ± 4.88
Overweight or obesity (n = 104)	39 (27.85%)

Table 1. Clinical and Epidemiological Data

Variables

Total, n (%)

^aAge, patient’s age obtained at the last consultation. BMI: body mass index.

Male/female

70 (50%)/70 (50%)

Age^a (years)

19.0 (6 - 64)

0 - 18

69 (49.30%)

> 18

71 (50.70%)

Age at diagnosis (years)

10.0/1 - 33

0 - 5

14 (10%)

5 - 9.9

50 (35.72%)

10 - 14.9

39 (27.86%)

15 - 19.9

21 (15%)

20 - 29.9

15 (10.71%)

≥ 30

1 (0.71%)

Diabetes duration (months)

84 (2 - 660)

Treatment

Basal intermediate action insulin

94 (67.15%)

Basal long duration analogues

46 (32.85%)

Bolus rapid action insulin

62 (44.29%)

Bolus ultra-rapid action insulin

78 (55.71%)

Self-monitoring of blood glucose (n = 132)

< 1 time/day

13 (9.85%)

1 - 3 times/day

58 (43.94%)

≥ 4 times/day

61 (46.21%)

Consultations/year

2 (1 - 4)

50 (35.71%)

48 (34.29%)

28 (20%)

14 (10%)

Ketoacidosis at diagnosis (n = 91)

47 (51.65%)

Ketoacidosis during the evolution of the disease (n = 78)

21 (26.92%)

Retinopathy (n = 102)

24 (23.53%)

Nephropathy (n = 91)

11 (12.09%)

Waist circumference (cm)

78.94 ± 12.42

BMI (kg/m²)

21.97 ± 4.88

Overweight or obesity (n = 104)

39 (27.85%)

**Table 2.** Profile of Patients According to the Type of Insulin
Variables	NPH + R (n = 62)	NPH + UR (n = 32)	L + UR (n = 46)	P value
^aAge, patient’s age obtained at the last consultation. ^bFor this analysis, we considered ADA’s goals for T1D patients as: HbA1C < 7.5% for children and adolescents up to 18 years old and < 7.0% for patients ≥ 18 years old. Significant difference between the groups: NPH + R and L + UR (P = 0.006) - Kruskal-Wallis test and Bonferroni post hoc* analysis. *Significant difference between the groups NPH + UR and L + UR (P = 0.002) - Kruskal-Wallis test and Bonferroni post hoc* analysis. BMI: body mass index; F: female; M: male; NS: not significant; NPH: (basal) intermediate insulin; R: (bolus) rapid insulin; L: (basal) long-acting insulin analogue; UR: (bolus) ultra-rapid insulin analogue.
Sex	F: 35 (56.45%) M: 27 (43.55%)	F: 13 (40.62%) M: 19 (59.38%)	F: 22 (47.83%) M: 24 (52.17%)	NS
Age^a (years)	20 (6 - 64)	18.5 (8 - 60)	16.50 (7 - 56)	NS
Age at diagnosis (years)	11.5 (1 - 27)*	11.5 (1 - 22)	9.0 (1 - 33)*	0.02
Diabetes duration (months)	80 (2 - 660)	78 (6 - 492)	108 (9 - 492)	NS
BMI (kg/m²)	22.38 ± 4.92	21.39 ± 4.39	21.87 ± 5.22	NS
Waist circumference (cm)	81.87 ± 12.27	71.13 ± 8.87	78.47 ± 12.97	NS
Hypoglycemia	44/53 (83%)	18/24 (75%)	27/41 (65.85%)	NS
Retinopathy	15/48 (31.25%)	1/22 (4.54%)	8/32 (25%)	0.05
Nephropathy	6/44 (13.63%)	1/18 (5.55%)	4/29 (13.79%)	NS
HbA1C (%)	8.3 (5.2 - 16.5)	9.4 (5.6 - 14.3)**	7.9 (6 - 11.3)**	0.01
Control rate^b	12/62 (19.35%)	4/32 (12.50%)	15/46 (32.60%)	0.08

Table 2. Profile of Patients According to the Type of Insulin

Variables

NPH + R (n = 62)

NPH + UR (n = 32)

L + UR (n = 46)

P value

^aAge, patient’s age obtained at the last consultation. ^bFor this analysis, we considered ADA’s goals for T1D patients as: HbA1C < 7.5% for children and adolescents up to 18 years old and < 7.0% for patients ≥ 18 years old. *Significant difference between the groups: NPH + R and L + UR (P = 0.006) - Kruskal-Wallis test and Bonferroni post hoc analysis. **Significant difference between the groups NPH + UR and L + UR (P = 0.002) - Kruskal-Wallis test and Bonferroni post hoc analysis. BMI: body mass index; F: female; M: male; NS: not significant; NPH: (basal) intermediate insulin; R: (bolus) rapid insulin; L: (basal) long-acting insulin analogue; UR: (bolus) ultra-rapid insulin analogue.

Sex

F: 35 (56.45%)
M: 27 (43.55%)

F: 13 (40.62%)
M: 19 (59.38%)

F: 22 (47.83%)
M: 24 (52.17%)

Age^a (years)

20 (6 - 64)

18.5 (8 - 60)

16.50 (7 - 56)

Age at diagnosis (years)

11.5 (1 - 27)*

11.5 (1 - 22)

9.0 (1 - 33)*

0.02

Diabetes duration (months)

80 (2 - 660)

78 (6 - 492)

108 (9 - 492)

BMI (kg/m²)

22.38 ± 4.92

21.39 ± 4.39

21.87 ± 5.22

Waist circumference (cm)

81.87 ± 12.27

71.13 ± 8.87

78.47 ± 12.97

Hypoglycemia

44/53 (83%)

18/24 (75%)

27/41 (65.85%)

Retinopathy

15/48 (31.25%)

1/22 (4.54%)

8/32 (25%)

0.05

Nephropathy

6/44 (13.63%)

1/18 (5.55%)

4/29 (13.79%)

HbA1C (%)

8.3 (5.2 - 16.5)

9.4 (5.6 - 14.3)**

7.9 (6 - 11.3)**

0.01

Control rate^b

12/62 (19.35%)

4/32 (12.50%)

15/46 (32.60%)

0.08

**Table 3.** Distribution of Patients According to Glycemic Control Rate
Variables	HbA1C < target^a (n = 31; 22.14%)	HbA1C > target^a (n = 109; 77.86%)	P-value
^aFor this analysis, we considered ADA’s goals for T1D patients as: HbA1C < 7.5% for children and adolescents up to 18 years old and < 7.0% for patients ≥ 18 years old. ^bAge, patient’s age obtained at the last consultation. BMI: body mass index; HbA1C: glycated hemoglobin; L: long-acting insulin analogue; NPH: intermediate insulin; NS: not significant; R: rapid insulin; UR: ultra-rapid insulin analogue; SMBG: self-monitoring of blood glucose.
Male/female	41.94%/58.06%	52.30%/47.70%	NS
Age^b (years)	20 (6 - 64)	19 (6 - 64)	NS
Age at diagnosis (years)	12 (5 - 22)	10 (1 - 33)	NS
Diabetes duration (months)	60 (2 - 660)	88 (2 - 660)	NS
Consultations/year	1 (1 - 4)	2 (1 - 4)	0.003
Types of insulin			0.08
NPH + R	12/62 (19.35%)	50/62 (80.65%)
NPH + UR	4/32 (12.50%)	28/32 (87.50%)
L + UR	15/46 (32.60%)	31/46 (67.40%)
SMBG (n = 132)			NS
< 1 time/day	0/29 (0%)	13/103 (12.62%)
1 - 3 times/day	13/29 (44.83%)	45/103(43.69%)
≥ 4 times/day	16/29 (55.17%)	45/103 (43.69%)
Hypoglycemia (n = 124) present	20/28 (71.43%)	54/96 (56.25%)	NS
Hypoglycemia’s frequency (n = 118)			NS
≥ 2 - 3 times/week	9/27 (33.33%)	20/91 (21.98%)
≤ 1 time/week	18/27 (66.67%)	71/91 (78.02%)
Ketoacidosis at diagnosis (n = 91)	12/20 (60%)	35/71 (49.30%)	NS
Ketoacidosis during the disease evolution (n = 78)	2/18 (11.10%)	19/60 (31.66%)	0.08
BMI (kg/m²)	22.13 ± 5.44	21.94 ± 4.76	NS
Waist circumference (cm)	73.63 ± 10,69	79.98 ± 12.59	NS
HbA1C	6.8 (5.2 - 7.5)	9.0 (7.10 - 16.5)	< 0.001

Table 3. Distribution of Patients According to Glycemic Control Rate

Variables

HbA1C < target^a (n = 31; 22.14%)

HbA1C > target^a (n = 109; 77.86%)

P-value

^aFor this analysis, we considered ADA’s goals for T1D patients as: HbA1C < 7.5% for children and adolescents up to 18 years old and < 7.0% for patients ≥ 18 years old. ^bAge, patient’s age obtained at the last consultation. BMI: body mass index; HbA1C: glycated hemoglobin; L: long-acting insulin analogue; NPH: intermediate insulin; NS: not significant; R: rapid insulin; UR: ultra-rapid insulin analogue; SMBG: self-monitoring of blood glucose.

Male/female

41.94%/58.06%

52.30%/47.70%

Age^b (years)

20 (6 - 64)

19 (6 - 64)

Age at diagnosis (years)

12 (5 - 22)

10 (1 - 33)

Diabetes duration (months)

60 (2 - 660)

88 (2 - 660)

Consultations/year

1 (1 - 4)

2 (1 - 4)

0.003

Types of insulin

0.08

NPH + R

12/62 (19.35%)

50/62 (80.65%)

NPH + UR

4/32 (12.50%)

28/32 (87.50%)

L + UR

15/46 (32.60%)

31/46 (67.40%)

SMBG (n = 132)

< 1 time/day

0/29 (0%)

13/103 (12.62%)

1 - 3 times/day

13/29 (44.83%)

45/103(43.69%)

≥ 4 times/day

16/29 (55.17%)

45/103 (43.69%)

Hypoglycemia (n = 124) present

20/28 (71.43%)

54/96 (56.25%)

Hypoglycemia’s frequency (n = 118)

≥ 2 - 3 times/week

9/27 (33.33%)

20/91 (21.98%)

≤ 1 time/week

18/27 (66.67%)

71/91 (78.02%)

Ketoacidosis at diagnosis (n = 91)

12/20 (60%)

35/71 (49.30%)

Ketoacidosis during the disease evolution (n = 78)

2/18 (11.10%)

19/60 (31.66%)

0.08

BMI (kg/m²)

22.13 ± 5.44

21.94 ± 4.76

Waist circumference (cm)

73.63 ± 10,69

79.98 ± 12.59

HbA1C

6.8 (5.2 - 7.5)

9.0 (7.10 - 16.5)

< 0.001