J Endocrinol Metab

Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 1923-2861 print, 1923-287X online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Endocrinol Metab and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jofem.org

Original Article

Volume 9, Number 6, December 2019, pages 193-198

The Risk Factors for Asymptomatic Pyuria Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

**Table 1.** Characteristics of Studied Subjects
BMI: body mass index; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HPF: high-power field.
Gender (male/female)	69/52
Age (year)	63.2 ± 13.4
Weight (kg)	67.0 ± 16.2
BMI (kg/m²)	26.0 ± 5.7
Mental illness (n)	48
Duration of diabetes (year)	5.1 ± 7.5
HbA1c (%)	8.5 ± 2.1
Plasma glucose (mg/dL)	197 ± 95
Urine leukocytes (/HPF)
< 1	66
1 - 4	25
5 - 9	11
10 - 29	11
30 - 49	4
50 - 99	3
≥ 100	1
Total	121

Table 1. Characteristics of Studied Subjects

BMI: body mass index; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HPF: high-power field.

Gender (male/female)

69/52

Age (year)

63.2 ± 13.4

Weight (kg)

67.0 ± 16.2

BMI (kg/m²)

26.0 ± 5.7

Mental illness (n)

Duration of diabetes (year)

5.1 ± 7.5

HbA1c (%)

8.5 ± 2.1

Plasma glucose (mg/dL)

197 ± 95

Urine leukocytes (/HPF)

< 1

1 - 4

5 - 9

10 - 29

30 - 49

50 - 99

≥ 100

Total

121

**Table 2.** Comparison of Clinical Characteristics Between Non-Pyuria Group and Pyuria Group
	Non-pyuria (n = 102)	Pyuria (n = 19)	P value
BMI: body mass index.
Age (year)	62.8 ± 12.7	65.1 ± 17.2	0.60
≥ 65 years old (%)	51.0	63.2	0.33
Female (%)	35.3	84.2	< 0.01
Weight (kg)	67.3 ± 16.4	65.3 ± 15.5	0.62
Waist circumference (cm) (n = 99)	92.1	96.1	0.32
BMI (kg/m²)	25.6 ± 5.6	27.7 ± 6.2	0.16
Mental illness (%)	35.3	63.2	0.02
Taking psychotropic drugs (%)	33.3	57.9	0.04
Duration of mental illness (year)	17.7 ± 14.3	16.9 ± 17.0	0.85

Table 2. Comparison of Clinical Characteristics Between Non-Pyuria Group and Pyuria Group

Non-pyuria (n = 102)

Pyuria (n = 19)

P value

BMI: body mass index.

Age (year)

62.8 ± 12.7

65.1 ± 17.2

0.60

≥ 65 years old (%)

51.0

63.2

0.33

Female (%)

35.3

84.2

< 0.01

Weight (kg)

67.3 ± 16.4

65.3 ± 15.5

0.62

Waist circumference (cm) (n = 99)

92.1

96.1

0.32

BMI (kg/m²)

25.6 ± 5.6

27.7 ± 6.2

0.16

Mental illness (%)

35.3

63.2

0.02

Taking psychotropic drugs (%)

33.3

57.9

0.04

Duration of mental illness (year)

17.7 ± 14.3

16.9 ± 17.0

0.85

**Table 3.** Comparison of Diabetic Complications Between Non-Pyuria Group and Pyuria Group
	Non-pyuria (n = 102)	Pyuria (n = 19)	P value
CVR-R: coefficient of variations of R-R intervals.
Duration of diabetes (year)	5.3 ± 7.6	4.0 ± 7.2	0.483
Numbness (%)	19.6	21.1	0.309
CVR-R (%) (n = 79)	3.2 ± 2.0 (n = 67)	1.8 ± 1.1 (n = 12)	0.002
CVR-R ≥ 2% (%)	67.2 (n = 45)	33.3 (n = 4)	0.049
CVR-R < 2% (%)	32.8 (n = 22)	66.7 (n = 8)	0.049
Use of laxatives (%)	9.8	21.1	0.232
Retinopathy (%) (n = 74)	13.7	10.5	0.703

Table 3. Comparison of Diabetic Complications Between Non-Pyuria Group and Pyuria Group

Non-pyuria (n = 102)

Pyuria (n = 19)

P value

CVR-R: coefficient of variations of R-R intervals.

Duration of diabetes (year)

5.3 ± 7.6

4.0 ± 7.2

0.483

Numbness (%)

19.6

21.1

0.309

CVR-R (%) (n = 79)

3.2 ± 2.0 (n = 67)

1.8 ± 1.1 (n = 12)

0.002

CVR-R ≥ 2% (%)

67.2 (n = 45)

33.3 (n = 4)

0.049

CVR-R < 2% (%)

32.8 (n = 22)

66.7 (n = 8)

0.049

Use of laxatives (%)

9.8

21.1

0.232

Retinopathy (%) (n = 74)

13.7

10.5

0.703

**Table 4.** Comparison of Laboratory Data Between Non-Pyuria Group and Pyuria Group
	Non-pyuria (n = 102)	Pyuria (n = 19)	P value
Cre: creatinine; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c.
eGFR (mL/min)	82.1 ± 21.8	72.6 ± 25.7	0.10
Cre (mg/dL)	0.72 ± 0.17	0.74 ± 0.3	0.67
BUN (mg/dL)	14.6 ± 5.3	14.5 ± 5.0	0.92
Proteinuria (%)	16.7	31.6	0.20
Glucosuria (%)	42.2	42.1	1.00
Plasma glucose (mg/dL)	199 ± 100	190 ± 63	0.70
HbA1c (%) (n = 120)	8.5 ± 2.2	8.4 ± 1.5	0.80

Table 4. Comparison of Laboratory Data Between Non-Pyuria Group and Pyuria Group

Non-pyuria (n = 102)

Pyuria (n = 19)

P value

Cre: creatinine; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c.

eGFR (mL/min)

82.1 ± 21.8

72.6 ± 25.7

0.10

Cre (mg/dL)

0.72 ± 0.17

0.74 ± 0.3

0.67

BUN (mg/dL)

14.6 ± 5.3

14.5 ± 5.0

0.92

Proteinuria (%)

16.7

31.6

0.20

Glucosuria (%)

42.2

42.1

1.00

Plasma glucose (mg/dL)

199 ± 100

190 ± 63

0.70

HbA1c (%) (n = 120)

8.5 ± 2.2

8.4 ± 1.5

0.80

**Table 5.** Comparison of Data Between Non-Pyuria Group and Pyuria Group in Female Patients
	Non-pyuria (n = 36)	Pyuria (n = 16)	P value
CVR-R: coefficient of variations of R-R intervals.
Mental illness (%)	36.1	75.0	0.01
CVR-R < 2% (%)	18.2	72.7	< 0.01
CVR-R (%)	3.5	1.5	< 0.01

Table 5. Comparison of Data Between Non-Pyuria Group and Pyuria Group in Female Patients

Non-pyuria (n = 36)

Pyuria (n = 16)

P value

CVR-R: coefficient of variations of R-R intervals.

Mental illness (%)

36.1

75.0

0.01

CVR-R < 2% (%)

18.2

72.7

< 0.01

CVR-R (%)

3.5

1.5

< 0.01

**Table 6.** Differences in Clinical Characteristics Among Patients With Non-Mental Illness, Mood Disorder and Schizophrenia
	Non-mental illness (n = 73)	Mood disorder (n = 17)	Schizophrenia (n = 19)	P value
BMI: body mass index.
Pyuria (%)	9.6	11.8	21.1	0.36
Age (year)	66.1 ± 10.9	58.7 ± 16.5	56.1 ± 15.1	< 0.01
≥ 65 years old (%)	56.2	52.9	42.1	0.55
Female (%)	37.0	47.1	47.4	0.59
BMI (kg/m²)	24.5 ± 4.2	28.4 ± 7.8	30.3 ± 6.7	< 0.01

Table 6. Differences in Clinical Characteristics Among Patients With Non-Mental Illness, Mood Disorder and Schizophrenia

Non-mental illness (n = 73)

Mood disorder (n = 17)

Schizophrenia (n = 19)

P value

BMI: body mass index.

Pyuria (%)

9.6

11.8

21.1

0.36

Age (year)

66.1 ± 10.9

58.7 ± 16.5

56.1 ± 15.1

< 0.01

≥ 65 years old (%)

56.2

52.9

42.1

0.55

Female (%)

37.0

47.1

47.4

0.59

BMI (kg/m²)

24.5 ± 4.2

28.4 ± 7.8

30.3 ± 6.7

< 0.01

**Table 7.** Differences in Clinical Characteristics Among Patients With Non-Mental Illness, Mood Disorder and Schizophrenia
	Non-mental illness (n = 73)	Mood disorder (n = 17)	Schizophrenia (n = 19)	P value
CVR-R: coefficient of variations of R-R intervals; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c.
CVR-R (%) (n = 60)	3.1 ± 2.1	2.8 ± 1.9	3.6 ± 2.2	0.71
Use of laxatives (%)	4.1	11.8	26.3	0.01
Retinopathy (%) (n = 74)	11	23.5	10.5	0.72
Glucosuria (%)	41.7	29.4	57.9	0.22
Plasma glucose (mg/dL)	198 ± 92	203 ± 132	207 ± 79	0.93
HbA1c (%)	8.6 ± 2.1	8.8 ± 2.5	8.5 ± 2.0	0.92

Table 7. Differences in Clinical Characteristics Among Patients With Non-Mental Illness, Mood Disorder and Schizophrenia

Non-mental illness (n = 73)

Mood disorder (n = 17)

Schizophrenia (n = 19)

P value

CVR-R: coefficient of variations of R-R intervals; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c.

CVR-R (%) (n = 60)

3.1 ± 2.1

2.8 ± 1.9

3.6 ± 2.2

0.71

Use of laxatives (%)

4.1

11.8

26.3

0.01

Retinopathy (%) (n = 74)

23.5

10.5

0.72

Glucosuria (%)

41.7

29.4

57.9

0.22

Plasma glucose (mg/dL)

198 ± 92

203 ± 132

207 ± 79

0.93

HbA1c (%)

8.6 ± 2.1

8.8 ± 2.5

8.5 ± 2.0

0.92

**Table 8.** Comparison of Results Between Previous Studies And Present Study
Studies	Nakano et al, [2]	Ozdem et al, [3]	Present study
CVR-R: coefficient of variations of R-R intervals; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c.
Publication (year)	2001	2006	2019
Mean age (years)	64.8	60.1	63.2
HbA1c (%)	8.6	9.1	8.5
Duration of diabetes (years)	10.0	7.9	5.1
Prevalence of pyuria (%)
Non-diabetic males	-	3.4	-
Non-diabetic females	15.8	8.7	-
Diabetic males	-	12.2	4.3
Diabetic females	27.9	21.4	30.8
Risk factors	Older age, diabetes, retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, history of macroangiopathy, longer duration of diabetes	Diabetes, female	Mental illness, female, lower CVR-R

Table 8. Comparison of Results Between Previous Studies And Present Study

Studies

Nakano et al, [2]

Ozdem et al, [3]

Present study

CVR-R: coefficient of variations of R-R intervals; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c.

Publication (year)

2001

2006

2019

Mean age (years)

64.8

60.1

63.2

HbA1c (%)

8.6

9.1

8.5

Duration of diabetes (years)

10.0

7.9

5.1

Prevalence of pyuria (%)

Non-diabetic males

3.4

Non-diabetic females

15.8

8.7

Diabetic males

12.2

4.3

Diabetic females

27.9

21.4

30.8

Risk factors

Older age, diabetes, retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, history of macroangiopathy, longer duration of diabetes

Diabetes, female

Mental illness, female, lower CVR-R