J Endocrinol Metab

Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 1923-2861 print, 1923-287X online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Endocrinol Metab and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jofem.org

Original Article

Volume 10, Number 1, February 2020, pages 8-15

Relation Between Daily Self-Weighing and Physique, Lifestyle Factors, and Glycemic Parameters in Japanese College Students

**Table 1.** Clinical Characteristics and Lifestyle Profiles of Study Participants
	Male	Female	P value
Figures in parentheses are interquartile ranges (25th - 75th percentiles) or n (%). BMI: body mass index; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β: homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function; AUC: area under the curve; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test.
Number	279	162
Age (years)	24.0 (23.0 - 26.0)	23.0 (23.0 - 25.0)	0.022
Height (cm)	171.0 (168.0 - 175.0)	159.0 (155.2 - 162.0)	< 0.001
Weight (kg)	64.0 (59.0 - 70.0)	50.0 (47.0 - 53.0)	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	21.6 (20.3 - 23.0)	19.8 (18.6 - 20.7)	< 0.001
Waist circumference (cm)	77.0 (73.0 - 82.0)	70.4 (65.8 - 74.0)	< 0.001
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)	85.0 (80.0 - 90.0)	84.0 (79.0 - 88.0)	0.017
30 min plasma glucose (mg/dL)	132.0 (114.0 - 147.0)	123.0 (103.0 - 135.0)	< 0.001
60 min plasma glucose (mg/dL)	108.0 (91.0 - 130.0)	97.5 (84.0 - 115.3)	< 0.001
120 min plasma glucose (mg/dL)	92.0 (81.0 - 107.0)	96.0 (80.8 - 110.0)	0.590
Fasting plasma insulin (µU/mL)	5.6 (4.2 - 7.5)	5.4 (4.2 - 7.1)	0.440
30 min plasma insulin (µU/mL)	40.1 (28.1 - 58.7)	42.2 (32.5 - 62.5)	0.041
60 min plasma insulin (µU/mL)	30.8 (20.7 - 44.1)	34.6 (25.4 - 47.8)	0.020
120 min plasma insulin (µU/mL)	22.4 (14.1 - 32.5)	30.4 (22.8 - 39.8)	< 0.001
HOMA-IR	1.17 (0.87 - 1.56)	1.11 (0.87 - 1.46)	0.265
HOMA-β	94.3 (69.0 - 124.9)	94.1 (74.4 - 128.3)	0.310
Insulinogenic index (Δinsulin30/Δglucose30)	0.77 (0.48 - 1.27)	1.08 (0.62 - 1.83)	< 0.001
AUC-glucose during OGTT (mg × min/dL × 10³)	12.8 (11.5 - 14.6)	12.0 (10.7 - 13.6)	0.001
AUC-insulin during OGTT (µU × min/dL × 10³)	3.6 (2.6 - 4.6)	4.0 (3.1 - 5.2)	< 0.001
Daily self-weighing	56 (20.1)	62 (38.3)	< 0.001
Regular exercise	165 (59.1)	46 (28.4)	< 0.001
Alcohol drinking	252 (90.3)	143 (88.3)	0.520
Skipping breakfast	88 (31.5)	43 (26.5)	0.282
Frequently eating late at night	69 (24.7)	17 (10.5)	< 0.001
Excess soft drink consumption	78 (28.0)	12 (7.4)	< 0.001

Table 1. Clinical Characteristics and Lifestyle Profiles of Study Participants

Male

Female

P value

Figures in parentheses are interquartile ranges (25th - 75th percentiles) or n (%). BMI: body mass index; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β: homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function; AUC: area under the curve; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test.

Number

279

162

Age (years)

24.0 (23.0 - 26.0)

23.0 (23.0 - 25.0)

0.022

Height (cm)

171.0 (168.0 - 175.0)

159.0 (155.2 - 162.0)

< 0.001

Weight (kg)

64.0 (59.0 - 70.0)

50.0 (47.0 - 53.0)

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

21.6 (20.3 - 23.0)

19.8 (18.6 - 20.7)

< 0.001

Waist circumference (cm)

77.0 (73.0 - 82.0)

70.4 (65.8 - 74.0)

< 0.001

Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)

85.0 (80.0 - 90.0)

84.0 (79.0 - 88.0)

0.017

30 min plasma glucose (mg/dL)

132.0 (114.0 - 147.0)

123.0 (103.0 - 135.0)

< 0.001

60 min plasma glucose (mg/dL)

108.0 (91.0 - 130.0)

97.5 (84.0 - 115.3)

< 0.001

120 min plasma glucose (mg/dL)

92.0 (81.0 - 107.0)

96.0 (80.8 - 110.0)

0.590

Fasting plasma insulin (µU/mL)

5.6 (4.2 - 7.5)

5.4 (4.2 - 7.1)

0.440

30 min plasma insulin (µU/mL)

40.1 (28.1 - 58.7)

42.2 (32.5 - 62.5)

0.041

60 min plasma insulin (µU/mL)

30.8 (20.7 - 44.1)

34.6 (25.4 - 47.8)

0.020

120 min plasma insulin (µU/mL)

22.4 (14.1 - 32.5)

30.4 (22.8 - 39.8)

< 0.001

HOMA-IR

1.17 (0.87 - 1.56)

1.11 (0.87 - 1.46)

0.265

HOMA-β

94.3 (69.0 - 124.9)

94.1 (74.4 - 128.3)

0.310

Insulinogenic index (Δinsulin30/Δglucose30)

0.77 (0.48 - 1.27)

1.08 (0.62 - 1.83)

< 0.001

AUC-glucose during OGTT (mg × min/dL × 10³)

12.8 (11.5 - 14.6)

12.0 (10.7 - 13.6)

0.001

AUC-insulin during OGTT (µU × min/dL × 10³)

3.6 (2.6 - 4.6)

4.0 (3.1 - 5.2)

< 0.001

Daily self-weighing

56 (20.1)

62 (38.3)

< 0.001

Regular exercise

165 (59.1)

46 (28.4)

< 0.001

Alcohol drinking

252 (90.3)

143 (88.3)

0.520

Skipping breakfast

88 (31.5)

43 (26.5)

0.282

Frequently eating late at night

69 (24.7)

17 (10.5)

< 0.001

Excess soft drink consumption

78 (28.0)

12 (7.4)

< 0.001

**Table 2.** Comparison of Clinical Characteristics and Lifestyle Profiles in Male and Female College Students With or Without Daily Self-Weighing
	Habitual daily self-weighing; male (N = 279)	Habitual daily self-weighing; female (N = 162)
Figures in parentheses are interquartile ranges (25th - 75th percentiles) or n (%). BMI: body mass index; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β: homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function; AUC: area under the curve; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test.
Number	56	223		62	100
Age (years)	24.0 (23.0 - 28.0)	24.0 (23.0 - 25.0)	0.515	23.0 (22.0 - 24.0)	24.0 (23.0 - 25.0)	0.036
Height (cm)	171.0 (167.3 - 174.0)	172.0 (168.0 - 175.5)	0.330	159.0 (157.0 - 162.0)	159.5 (154.0 - 163.0)	0.723
Weight (kg)	67.0 (62.1 - 71.0)	63.0 (58.0 - 70.0)	0.002	51.0 (48.0 - 54.0)	50.0 (46.0 - 52.4)	0.062
BMI (kg/m²)	22.7 (21.5 - 24.5)	21.3 (20.1 - 22.9)	<0.001	20.0 (19.1 - 20.8)	19.6 (18.5 - 20.7)	0.064
Waist circumference (cm)	79.5 (75.2 - 86.5)	76.0 (72.5 - 81.4)	0.002	70.5 (67.0 - 73.6)	70.2 (65.0 - 74.0)	0.665
HOMA-IR	1.12 (0.86 - 1.64)	1.19 (0.87 - 1.53)	0.844	1.13 (0.89 - 1.41)	1.09 (0.85 - 1.50)	0.908
HOMA-β	96.3 (71.1 - 123.5)	93.3 (66.5 - 125.1)	0.570	100.3 (76.8 - 130.6)	89.8 (72.5 - 124.5)	0.374
Insulinogenic index (Δinsulin30/Δglucose30)	0.82 (0.50 - 1.52)	0.76 (0.46-1.26)	0.367	1.05 (0.62 - 1.83)	1.11 (0.62 - 1.77)	0.782
AUC-glucose during OGTT (mg × min/dL × 10³)	12.7 (11.6 - 14.7)	12.9 (11.5 - 14.6)	0.806	12.4 (11.1 - 13.8)	11.9 (10.6 - 13.5)	0.213
AUC-insulin during OGTT (µU × min/dL × 10³)	3.7 (2.7 - 4.4)	3.6 (2.6 - 4.7)	0.733	4.1 (3.2 - 5.3)	4.0 (3.1 - 5.1)	0.639
Regular exercise	37 (66.1)	128 (57.4)	0.288	25 (40.3)	21 (21.0)	0.012
Alcohol drinking	51 (91.1)	201 (90.1)	1.000	55 (88.7)	88 (88.0)	1.000
Skipping breakfast	10 (17.9)	78 (35.0)	0.015	12 (19.4)	31 (31.0)	0.143
Frequently eating late at night	9 (16.1)	60 (26.9)	0.119	6 (9.7)	11 (11.0)	1.000
Excess soft drink consumption	12 (21.4)	66 (29.6)	0.248	3 (4.8)	9 (9.0)	0.375

Table 2. Comparison of Clinical Characteristics and Lifestyle Profiles in Male and Female College Students With or Without Daily Self-Weighing

Habitual daily self-weighing; male (N = 279)

Habitual daily self-weighing; female (N = 162)

Yes

P value

Yes

P value

Number

223

100

Age (years)

24.0 (23.0 - 28.0)

24.0 (23.0 - 25.0)

0.515

23.0 (22.0 - 24.0)

24.0 (23.0 - 25.0)

0.036

Height (cm)

171.0 (167.3 - 174.0)

172.0 (168.0 - 175.5)

0.330

159.0 (157.0 - 162.0)

159.5 (154.0 - 163.0)

0.723

Weight (kg)

67.0 (62.1 - 71.0)

63.0 (58.0 - 70.0)

0.002

51.0 (48.0 - 54.0)

50.0 (46.0 - 52.4)

0.062

BMI (kg/m²)

22.7 (21.5 - 24.5)

21.3 (20.1 - 22.9)

<0.001

20.0 (19.1 - 20.8)

19.6 (18.5 - 20.7)

0.064

Waist circumference (cm)

79.5 (75.2 - 86.5)

76.0 (72.5 - 81.4)

0.002

70.5 (67.0 - 73.6)

70.2 (65.0 - 74.0)

0.665

HOMA-IR

1.12 (0.86 - 1.64)

1.19 (0.87 - 1.53)

0.844

1.13 (0.89 - 1.41)

1.09 (0.85 - 1.50)

0.908

HOMA-β

96.3 (71.1 - 123.5)

93.3 (66.5 - 125.1)

0.570

100.3 (76.8 - 130.6)

89.8 (72.5 - 124.5)

0.374

Insulinogenic index (Δinsulin30/Δglucose30)

0.82 (0.50 - 1.52)

0.76 (0.46-1.26)

0.367

1.05 (0.62 - 1.83)

1.11 (0.62 - 1.77)

0.782

AUC-glucose during OGTT (mg × min/dL × 10³)

12.7 (11.6 - 14.7)

12.9 (11.5 - 14.6)

0.806

12.4 (11.1 - 13.8)

11.9 (10.6 - 13.5)

0.213

AUC-insulin during OGTT (µU × min/dL × 10³)

3.7 (2.7 - 4.4)

3.6 (2.6 - 4.7)

0.733

4.1 (3.2 - 5.3)

4.0 (3.1 - 5.1)

0.639

Regular exercise

37 (66.1)

128 (57.4)

0.288

25 (40.3)

21 (21.0)

0.012

Alcohol drinking

51 (91.1)

201 (90.1)

1.000

55 (88.7)

88 (88.0)

1.000

Skipping breakfast

10 (17.9)

78 (35.0)

0.015

12 (19.4)

31 (31.0)

0.143

Frequently eating late at night

9 (16.1)

60 (26.9)

0.119

6 (9.7)

11 (11.0)

1.000

Excess soft drink consumption

12 (21.4)

66 (29.6)

0.248

3 (4.8)

9 (9.0)

0.375

**Table 3.** Logistic Regression Analysis With Daily Self-Weighing as The Dependent Variable in Males
	Univariate logistic regression	Multivariate logistic regression
Significant predictors of daily self-weighing were explored among five parameters: regular exercise, alcohol drinking, skipping breakfast, frequently eating late at night and excess soft drink consumption (yes = 1, no = 0). Model 1: skipping breakfast, weight and age. Model 2: skipping breakfast, weight, age and frequently eating late at night. CI: confidence interval.
Age	1.07	1.00 - 1.14	0.038	1.05	0.98 - 1.12	0.149	1.05	0.99 - 1.12	0.127
Weight	1.05	1.01 - 1.08	0.009	1.04	1.00 - 1.08	0.027	1.04	1.00 - 1.07	0.033
Regular exercise	1.45	0.79 - 2.71	0.234
Alcohol drinking	1.12	0.43 - 3.46	0.831
Skipping breakfast	0.40	0.18 - 0.81	0.010	0.44	0.20 - 0.90	0.024	0.48	0.21 - 0.99	0.048
Frequently eating late at night	0.52	0.23 - 1.08	0.082				0.60	0.26 - 1.31	0.207
Excess soft drink consumption	0.65	0.31 - 1.27	0.214

Table 3. Logistic Regression Analysis With Daily Self-Weighing as The Dependent Variable in Males

Univariate logistic regression

Multivariate logistic regression

Odds ratio

95% CI

P value

Model 1

Mode 2

Odds ratio

95% CI

P value

Odds ratio

95% CI

P value

Significant predictors of daily self-weighing were explored among five parameters: regular exercise, alcohol drinking, skipping breakfast, frequently eating late at night and excess soft drink consumption (yes = 1, no = 0). Model 1: skipping breakfast, weight and age. Model 2: skipping breakfast, weight, age and frequently eating late at night. CI: confidence interval.

Age

1.07

1.00 - 1.14

0.038

1.05

0.98 - 1.12

0.149

1.05

0.99 - 1.12

0.127

Weight

1.05

1.01 - 1.08

0.009

1.04

1.00 - 1.08

0.027

1.04

1.00 - 1.07

0.033

Regular exercise

1.45

0.79 - 2.71

0.234

Alcohol drinking

1.12

0.43 - 3.46

0.831

Skipping breakfast

0.40

0.18 - 0.81

0.010

0.44

0.20 - 0.90

0.024

0.48

0.21 - 0.99

0.048

Frequently eating late at night

0.52

0.23 - 1.08

0.082

0.60

0.26 - 1.31

0.207

Excess soft drink consumption

0.65

0.31 - 1.27

0.214

**Table 4.** Logistic Regression Analysis With Daily Self-Weighing as the Dependent Variable in Females
	Univariate logistic regression	Multivariate logistic regression
Significant predictors of daily self-weighing were explored among five parameters: regular exercise, alcohol drinking, skipping breakfast, frequently eating late at night and excess soft drink consumption (yes = 1, no = 0). Model 1: regular exercise and weight. Model 2: regular exercise, weight, age and skipping breakfast. CI: confidence interval.
Age	0.88	0.75 - 1.01	0.075				0.92	0.77 - 1.06	0.236
Weight	1.06	1.00 - 1.12	0.048	1.04	0.98 - 1.11	0.156	1.05	0.99 - 1.12	0.094
Regular exercise	2.54	1.27 - 5.16	0.009	2.27	1.11 - 4.68	0.025	2.33	1.10 - 5.01	0.027
Alcohol drinking	1.07	0.41 - 3.03	0.891
Skipping breakfast	0.53	0.24 - 1.12	0.098				0.45	0.19 - 1.00	0.051
Frequently eating late at night	0.87	0.28 - 2.41	0.789
Excess soft drink consumption	0.51	0.11 - 1.80	0.312

Table 4. Logistic Regression Analysis With Daily Self-Weighing as the Dependent Variable in Females

Univariate logistic regression

Multivariate logistic regression

Odds ratio

95% CI

P value

Model 1

Model 2

Odds ratio

95% CI

P value

Odds ratio

95% CI

P value

Significant predictors of daily self-weighing were explored among five parameters: regular exercise, alcohol drinking, skipping breakfast, frequently eating late at night and excess soft drink consumption (yes = 1, no = 0). Model 1: regular exercise and weight. Model 2: regular exercise, weight, age and skipping breakfast. CI: confidence interval.

Age

0.88

0.75 - 1.01

0.075

0.92

0.77 - 1.06

0.236

Weight

1.06

1.00 - 1.12

0.048

1.04

0.98 - 1.11

0.156

1.05

0.99 - 1.12

0.094

Regular exercise

2.54

1.27 - 5.16

0.009

2.27

1.11 - 4.68

0.025

2.33

1.10 - 5.01

0.027

Alcohol drinking

1.07

0.41 - 3.03

0.891

Skipping breakfast

0.53

0.24 - 1.12

0.098

0.45

0.19 - 1.00

0.051

Frequently eating late at night

0.87

0.28 - 2.41

0.789

Excess soft drink consumption

0.51

0.11 - 1.80

0.312