J Endocrinol Metab

Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 1923-2861 print, 1923-287X online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Endocrinol Metab and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.jofem.org

Original Article

Volume 11, Number 2, April 2021, pages 35-41

Correlation Between Changes in the Serum Magnesium Concentration and Visceral Fat Volume in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Receiving Luseogliflozin: A Sub-Analysis of Data From the LIGHT Study

**Table 1.** Clinical Characteristics at the Baseline and at 24 Weeks After the Administration of Luseogliflozin
	At the base line	At 24 weeks	P value
Age (n = 31), years	53.3	7.9
BMI (n = 31), kg/m²	28.2	3.5	27.3	3.5	< 0.01
BW (n = 31), kg	79.1	13.3	76.6	13.2	< 0.01
FPG (n = 31), mg/dL	164.8	38.2	139.9	27.9	< 0.01	Wilcoxon
HbA1c (n = 31), %	7.6	0.6	7.2	0.9	< 0.01	Wilcoxon
eGFR (n = 31), mL/min/1.73 m²	83.5	20.7	84.3	21.4	0.61
ADP (n = 31), mg/dL	5.9	1.9	6.3	2.2	< 0.05	Wilcoxon
HDL-C (n = 31), mg/dL	52.2	15.6	53.9	18.7	0.37
LDL-C (n = 31), mg/dL	122.6	30.8	129.2	38.8	0.19
Mg (n = 31), mg/dL	2.11	0.17	2.17	0.15	< 0.05	Wilcoxon
Ca (n = 31), mg/dL	9.34	0.28	9.31	0.39	0.75	Wilcoxon
K (n = 31), mg/dL	4.19	0.26	4.14	0.29	0.25
P (n = 31), mg/dL	3.41	0.49	3.52	0.49	0.22
Na (n = 31), mg/dL	140.1	2.2	140	2.2	0.1
Data are presented as means ± standard deviation (SD). Differences in the variables between the groups were compared using the Student’s t-test for paired data. When the data were not normally distributed, they were shown by interquartile range (IQR) and the Wilcoxon singed-rank test was used. BMI: body mass index; BW: body weight; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c (National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP)): hemoglobin A1c; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, ADP: adiponectin; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; FFA: free fatty acid; SFV: subcutaneous fat volume; VFV: visceral fat volume; Mg: magnesium; Ca: calcium; K: potassium; P: phosphate; Na: sodium.
TG (n = 31), mg/dL	105	137	216	89	120	178	0.5
FFA (n = 31), mg/dL	0.50	0.56	0.67	0.51	0.59	0.78	0.2
SFV (n = 31), cm³	338.6	523.2	745.8	276.0	570.5	662.8	0.94
VFV (n = 31), cm³	276.9	413.5	522.1	233.1	379.2	506.5	0.24

Table 1. Clinical Characteristics at the Baseline and at 24 Weeks After the Administration of Luseogliflozin

At the base line

At 24 weeks

P value

Mean

Age (n = 31), years

53.3

7.9

BMI (n = 31), kg/m²

28.2

3.5

27.3

3.5

< 0.01

BW (n = 31), kg

79.1

13.3

76.6

13.2

< 0.01

FPG (n = 31), mg/dL

164.8

38.2

139.9

27.9

< 0.01

Wilcoxon

HbA1c (n = 31), %

7.6

0.6

7.2

0.9

< 0.01

Wilcoxon

eGFR (n = 31), mL/min/1.73 m²

83.5

20.7

84.3

21.4

0.61

ADP (n = 31), mg/dL

5.9

1.9

6.3

2.2

< 0.05

Wilcoxon

HDL-C (n = 31), mg/dL

52.2

15.6

53.9

18.7

0.37

LDL-C (n = 31), mg/dL

122.6

30.8

129.2

38.8

0.19

Mg (n = 31), mg/dL

2.11

0.17

2.17

0.15

< 0.05

Wilcoxon

Ca (n = 31), mg/dL

9.34

0.28

9.31

0.39

0.75

Wilcoxon

K (n = 31), mg/dL

4.19

0.26

4.14

0.29

0.25

P (n = 31), mg/dL

3.41

0.49

3.52

0.49

0.22

Na (n = 31), mg/dL

140.1

2.2

140

2.2

0.1

At the base line

At 24 weeks

P value

Data are presented as means ± standard deviation (SD). Differences in the variables between the groups were compared using the Student’s t-test for paired data. When the data were not normally distributed, they were shown by interquartile range (IQR) and the Wilcoxon singed-rank test was used. BMI: body mass index; BW: body weight; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c (National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP)): hemoglobin A1c; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, ADP: adiponectin; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; FFA: free fatty acid; SFV: subcutaneous fat volume; VFV: visceral fat volume; Mg: magnesium; Ca: calcium; K: potassium; P: phosphate; Na: sodium.

TG (n = 31), mg/dL

105

137

216

120

178

0.5

FFA (n = 31), mg/dL

0.50

0.56

0.67

0.51

0.59

0.78

0.2

SFV (n = 31), cm³

338.6

523.2

745.8

276.0

570.5

662.8

0.94

VFV (n = 31), cm³

276.9

413.5

522.1

233.1

379.2

506.5

0.24

**Table 2.** Analysis of the Correlations of ΔMg With Various Parameters
	Initial		Changes in the values at 24 weeks
The data at 24 weeks minus the data at the baseline are expressed as Δ (e.g., ΔMg = (Mg concentration at 24 weeks) - (Mg concentration at the baseline)). BW: body weight; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c (National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP)): hemoglobin A1c; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; ADP: adiponectin; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; FFA: free fatty acid; SFV: subcutaneous fat volume; VFV: visceral fat volume; Mg: magnesium; Ca: calcium; K: potassium; P: phosphate; Na: sodium.
BW (n = 31)	0.09	0.62	ΔBW (n = 31)	-0.27	0.14
FPG (n = 31)	-0.09	0.63	ΔFPG (n = 31)	-0.28	0.13
HbA1c (n = 31)	0.15	0.41	ΔHbA1c (n = 31)	-0.42	< 0.05
eGFR (n = 31)	0.12	0.51	ΔeGFR (n = 31)	-0.31	0.06
ADP (n = 31)	-0.21	0.26	ΔADP (n = 31)	0.02	0.93
HDL-C (n = 31)	-0.12	0.54	ΔHDL-C (n = 31)	0.34	0.06
LDL-C (n = 31)	0.02	0.93	ΔLDL-C (n = 31)	-0.04	0.83
TG (n = 31)	0.06	0.76	ΔTG (n = 31)	-0.26	0.16
FFA (n = 31)	0.14	0.47	ΔFFA (n = 31)	-0.06	0.75
SFV (n = 31)	0.09	0.61	ΔSFV (n = 31)	-0.11	0.54
VFV (n = 31)	0.29	0.11	ΔVFV (n = 31)	-0.37	< 0.05
Mg (n = 31)	-0.77	< 0.01	ΔCa (n = 31)	0.03	0.86
Ca (n = 31)	0.26	0.14	ΔK (n = 31)	0.00	1.00
K (n = 31)	0.12	0.52	ΔP (n = 31)	-0.37	< 0.05
P (n = 31)	0.02	0.91	ΔNa (n = 31)	0.12	0.5
Na (n = 31)	0.12	0.50

Table 2. Analysis of the Correlations of ΔMg With Various Parameters

Initial

Changes in the values at 24 weeks

Correlation coefficient

P value

Correlation coefficient

P value

The data at 24 weeks minus the data at the baseline are expressed as Δ (e.g., ΔMg = (Mg concentration at 24 weeks) - (Mg concentration at the baseline)). BW: body weight; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c (National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP)): hemoglobin A1c; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; ADP: adiponectin; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; FFA: free fatty acid; SFV: subcutaneous fat volume; VFV: visceral fat volume; Mg: magnesium; Ca: calcium; K: potassium; P: phosphate; Na: sodium.

BW (n = 31)

0.09

0.62

ΔBW (n = 31)

-0.27

0.14

FPG (n = 31)

-0.09

0.63

ΔFPG (n = 31)

-0.28

0.13

HbA1c (n = 31)

0.15

0.41

ΔHbA1c (n = 31)

-0.42

< 0.05

eGFR (n = 31)

0.12

0.51

ΔeGFR (n = 31)

-0.31

0.06

ADP (n = 31)

-0.21

0.26

ΔADP (n = 31)

0.02

0.93

HDL-C (n = 31)

-0.12

0.54

ΔHDL-C (n = 31)

0.34

0.06

LDL-C (n = 31)

0.02

0.93

ΔLDL-C (n = 31)

-0.04

0.83

TG (n = 31)

0.06

0.76

ΔTG (n = 31)

-0.26

0.16

FFA (n = 31)

0.14

0.47

ΔFFA (n = 31)

-0.06

0.75

SFV (n = 31)

0.09

0.61

ΔSFV (n = 31)

-0.11

0.54

VFV (n = 31)

0.29

0.11

ΔVFV (n = 31)

-0.37

< 0.05

Mg (n = 31)

-0.77

< 0.01

ΔCa (n = 31)

0.03

0.86

Ca (n = 31)

0.26

0.14

ΔK (n = 31)

0.00

1.00

K (n = 31)

0.12

0.52

ΔP (n = 31)

-0.37

< 0.05

P (n = 31)

0.02

0.91

ΔNa (n = 31)

0.12

0.5

Na (n = 31)

0.12

0.50

**Table 3.** The Determinants of the ΔMg After 24 Weeks of Luseogliflozin Treatment
	β	95% CI	P value
To identify the determinants of the ΔMg after 24 weeks of luseogliflozin treatment, multiple regression analysis (forced-entry method) was performed. The data at 24 weeks minus the data at the baseline are expressed as Δ (e.g., ΔMg = (Mg concentration at 24 weeks) - (Mg concentration at the baseline)). Mg: magnesium; VFV: visceral fat volume; HbA1c (NGSP): hemoglobin A1c; P: phosphate; BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval.
Baseline serum Mg concentrations	-0.47	-0.84, -0.13	0.01
ΔVFV	-0.33	-0.59, -0.09	0.03
ΔHbA1	-0.24	-0.46, 0.03	0.15
ΔP	-0.15	-0.36, 0.09	0.36
BMI	0.12	-0.12, 0.32	0.45
Age	-0.11	-0.31, 0.11	0.47
Sex	0.04	-0.09, 0.13	0.76

Table 3. The Determinants of the ΔMg After 24 Weeks of Luseogliflozin Treatment

95% CI

P value

To identify the determinants of the ΔMg after 24 weeks of luseogliflozin treatment, multiple regression analysis (forced-entry method) was performed. The data at 24 weeks minus the data at the baseline are expressed as Δ (e.g., ΔMg = (Mg concentration at 24 weeks) - (Mg concentration at the baseline)). Mg: magnesium; VFV: visceral fat volume; HbA1c (NGSP): hemoglobin A1c; P: phosphate; BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval.

Baseline serum Mg concentrations

-0.47

-0.84, -0.13

0.01

ΔVFV

-0.33

-0.59, -0.09

0.03

ΔHbA1

-0.24

-0.46, 0.03

0.15

ΔP

-0.15

-0.36, 0.09

0.36

BMI

0.12

-0.12, 0.32

0.45

Age

-0.11

-0.31, 0.11

0.47

Sex

0.04

-0.09, 0.13

0.76