J Endocrinol Metab

Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 1923-2861 print, 1923-287X online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Endocrinol Metab and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.jofem.org

Original Article

Volume 11, Number 5, October 2021, pages 134-139

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Does Not Reduce Arterial Stiffness in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes After One Year of Follow-Up

**Table 1.** Baseline Characteristics
BMI: body mass index; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide; DPP-4: dipeptidyl peptidase 4; SGLT2: sodium-glucose cotransporter 2; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; AT2: angiotensin-2; cfPWV: carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity.
N	46
Age (years)	63.8 ± 6.5
Male, n	37 (80.4%)
Diabetes duration (years)	16.1 ± 9.7
Apnea-hypopnea index (events/h)	34 (15 - 73)
Oxygen desaturation index (events/h)	36.4 ± 15.7
BMI (kg/m²)	34.7 ± 3.9
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	136.4 ± 12.9
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	80.4 ± 6.9
HbA1c (mmol/mol)	64.7 (53 - 87)
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)	9.5 ± 2.3
Creatinine (µmol/L)	83.3 (43 - 203)
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.0 ± 0.9
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.2 ± 0.3
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.1 ± 0.8
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	1.9 (0.6 - 3.9)
Smoking
Currently, n (%)	6 (13.0%)
Former, n (%)	18 (39.1%)
Never, n (%)	22 (47.8%)
Statin use, n (%)	36 (78.3%)
Aspirin use, n (%)	25 (54.4%)
Antidiabetic medication
No medication, n (%)	3 (6.5%)
Metformin, n (%)	36 (78.3%)
Insulin, n (%)	29 (66.0%)
GLP-1 analog, n (%)	27 (58.7%)
DPP-4 inhibitor, n (%)	3 (6.5%)
SGLT2 inhibitor, n (%)	5 (10.9%)
Sulphonylurea, n (%)	1 (2.2%)
Blood pressure medication
No medication, n (%)	4 (8.7%)
Beta blockers, n (%)	18 (39.1%)
Thiazide, n (%)	19 (41.3%)
ACE-inhibitor, n (%)	24 (52.2%)
AT2 antagonist, n (%)	14 (30.4%)
Calcium blockers, n (%)	18 (39.1%)
Loop diuretics, n (%)	8 (17.4%)
Other, n (%)	7 (15.2%)
cfPWV (m/s)	10.7 ± 2.0

Table 1. Baseline Characteristics

BMI: body mass index; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide; DPP-4: dipeptidyl peptidase 4; SGLT2: sodium-glucose cotransporter 2; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; AT2: angiotensin-2; cfPWV: carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity.

Age (years)

63.8 ± 6.5

Male, n

37 (80.4%)

Diabetes duration (years)

16.1 ± 9.7

Apnea-hypopnea index (events/h)

34 (15 - 73)

Oxygen desaturation index (events/h)

36.4 ± 15.7

BMI (kg/m²)

34.7 ± 3.9

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

136.4 ± 12.9

Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

80.4 ± 6.9

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

64.7 (53 - 87)

Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)

9.5 ± 2.3

Creatinine (µmol/L)

83.3 (43 - 203)

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.0 ± 0.9

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.2 ± 0.3

LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

2.1 ± 0.8

Triglyceride (mmol/L)

1.9 (0.6 - 3.9)

Smoking

Currently, n (%)

6 (13.0%)

Former, n (%)

18 (39.1%)

Never, n (%)

22 (47.8%)

Statin use, n (%)

36 (78.3%)

Aspirin use, n (%)

25 (54.4%)

Antidiabetic medication

No medication, n (%)

3 (6.5%)

Metformin, n (%)

36 (78.3%)

Insulin, n (%)

29 (66.0%)

GLP-1 analog, n (%)

27 (58.7%)

DPP-4 inhibitor, n (%)

3 (6.5%)

SGLT2 inhibitor, n (%)

5 (10.9%)

Sulphonylurea, n (%)

1 (2.2%)

Blood pressure medication

No medication, n (%)

4 (8.7%)

Beta blockers, n (%)

18 (39.1%)

Thiazide, n (%)

19 (41.3%)

ACE-inhibitor, n (%)

24 (52.2%)

AT2 antagonist, n (%)

14 (30.4%)

Calcium blockers, n (%)

18 (39.1%)

Loop diuretics, n (%)

8 (17.4%)

Other, n (%)

7 (15.2%)

cfPWV (m/s)

10.7 ± 2.0

**Table 2.** Multivariate Analysis With Baseline cfPWV as Dependent Variable
Independent variables	Coefficient	P	95% CI
cfPWV: carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; AHI: apnea-hypopnea index; BMI: body mass index; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; BP: blood pressure; CI: confidence interval.
Sex (male)	-0.26	0.45	-0.96, 0.43
AHI (5 events/h)	0.04	0.41	-0.05, 0.13
HbA1c (5 mmol/mol)	0.29	0.001	0.12, 0.47
Age (5 years)	0.47	< 0.001	0.25, 0.68
BMI (5 kg/m²)	0.1	0.67	-0.35, 0.55
Diabetes duration (5 years)	0.19	0.01	0.04, 0.33
Systolic BP (5 mm Hg)	0.09	0.12	-0.02, 0.19
Creatinine (5 µmol/L)	-0.08	0.01	-0.14, -0.02
Smoking	1.1	0.01	0.26, 1.93

Table 2. Multivariate Analysis With Baseline cfPWV as Dependent Variable

Independent variables

Coefficient

95% CI

cfPWV: carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; AHI: apnea-hypopnea index; BMI: body mass index; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; BP: blood pressure; CI: confidence interval.

Sex (male)

-0.26

0.45

-0.96, 0.43

AHI (5 events/h)

0.04

0.41

-0.05, 0.13

HbA1c (5 mmol/mol)

0.29

0.001

0.12, 0.47

Age (5 years)

0.47

< 0.001

0.25, 0.68

BMI (5 kg/m²)

0.1

0.67

-0.35, 0.55

Diabetes duration (5 years)

0.19

0.01

0.04, 0.33

Systolic BP (5 mm Hg)

0.09

0.12

-0.02, 0.19

Creatinine (5 µmol/L)

-0.08

0.01

-0.14, -0.02

Smoking

1.1

0.01

0.26, 1.93

**Table 3.** Change in Arterial Stiffness and Blood Pressure at Follow-Up
	Baseline	At follow-up	Change	P
cfPWV: carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; BP: blood pressure.
cfPWV (m/s)	10.7	10.6	-0.12	0.64
Systolic BP (mm Hg)	136.4	138.1	1.60	0.42
Diastolic BP (mm Hg)	80.4	79.8	-0.58	0.57

Table 3. Change in Arterial Stiffness and Blood Pressure at Follow-Up

Baseline

At follow-up

Change

cfPWV: carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; BP: blood pressure.

cfPWV (m/s)

10.7

10.6

-0.12

0.64

Systolic BP (mm Hg)

136.4

138.1

1.60

0.42

Diastolic BP (mm Hg)

80.4

79.8

-0.58

0.57