J Endocrinol Metab

Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 1923-2861 print, 1923-287X online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Endocrinol Metab and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.jofem.org

Original Article

Volume 12, Number 2, April 2022, pages 59-65

Sedentary Lifestyle Attenuates Positive Metabolic Effect of Regular Physical Exercise

Figure 1. General physical activity levels and sitting time in the target and control groups. The size of the circle corresponds to sitting time in hours per week.

Figure 2. Age, sex and general physical activity-adjusted levels of HDL-cholesterol (F = 4.67; P = 0.035). HDL: high-density lipoprotein.

**Table 1.** Age, Sex and Anthropometric Parameters in Studied Population According to Sitting Time per Week in Groups
Parameters	First group (n = 53)	Second group (n = 29)	Third group (n = 47)	Fourth group (n = 40)	P value
Anthropometric parameters were compared across groups with ANOVA test after adjustment for age, sex and general physical activity. Sex was compared with Chi-square test. P value below 0.05 means the difference was statistically significant. BMI: body mass index; ANOVA: analysis of variance.
Age, years	31.00 (22.00 - 37.00)	31.50 (26.00 - 38.80)	29.00 (24.50 - 37.00)	29.50 (23.00 - 36.50)	0.353
Male/female	27/26	17/12	23/24	19/21	0.81
Female, %	26 (49.1%)	12 (41.4%)	24 (51%)	21(52.5%)
BMI, kg/m²	24.30 (22.50 - 27.00)	23.10 (21.00 - 22.80)	22.40 (20.3525.35)	24.40 (22.20 - 30.90)	0.135
Fat tissue proportion, %	25.6 (20.00 - 34.30)	24.90 (13.80 - 22.70)	25.40 (22.60 - 30.80)	28.90 (19.30 - 39.30)	0.261
Muscle tissue proportion, %	43.40 (28.00 - 39.70)	42.40 (34.00 - 43.90)	33.45 (28.40 - 36.85)	27.90 (23.80 - 37.80)	0.072
Visceral fat proportion, %	5.00 (4.00 - 8.00)	4.00 (3.00 - 5.00)	4.00 (3.00 - 6.00)	9.90 (7.50 - 10.00)	0.061
Calipometry, mm	13.00 (11.00 - 21.00)	55.00 (10.00 - 18.00)	18.00 (10.00 - 24.00)	24.00 (10.00 - 30.00)	0.125
Waist circumference, cm	73.00 (71.25 - 77.20)	72.50 (68.50 - 76.25)	72.00 (69.00 - 76.50)	85.00 (75.75 - 89.50)	0.086
Hip circumference, cm	93.75 (97.75 - 105.25)	94.50 (90.50 - 96.00)	97.50 (94.00 - 102.00)	110.00 (97.50 - 118.00)	0.071

Table 1. Age, Sex and Anthropometric Parameters in Studied Population According to Sitting Time per Week in Groups

Parameters

First group (n = 53)

Second group (n = 29)

Third group (n = 47)

Fourth group (n = 40)

P value

Anthropometric parameters were compared across groups with ANOVA test after adjustment for age, sex and general physical activity. Sex was compared with Chi-square test. P value below 0.05 means the difference was statistically significant. BMI: body mass index; ANOVA: analysis of variance.

Age, years

31.00 (22.00 - 37.00)

31.50 (26.00 - 38.80)

29.00 (24.50 - 37.00)

29.50 (23.00 - 36.50)

0.353

Male/female

27/26

17/12

23/24

19/21

0.81

Female, %

26 (49.1%)

12 (41.4%)

24 (51%)

21(52.5%)

BMI, kg/m²

24.30 (22.50 - 27.00)

23.10 (21.00 - 22.80)

22.40 (20.3525.35)

24.40 (22.20 - 30.90)

0.135

Fat tissue proportion, %

25.6 (20.00 - 34.30)

24.90 (13.80 - 22.70)

25.40 (22.60 - 30.80)

28.90 (19.30 - 39.30)

0.261

Muscle tissue proportion, %

43.40 (28.00 - 39.70)

42.40 (34.00 - 43.90)

33.45 (28.40 - 36.85)

27.90 (23.80 - 37.80)

0.072

Visceral fat proportion, %

5.00 (4.00 - 8.00)

4.00 (3.00 - 5.00)

4.00 (3.00 - 6.00)

9.90 (7.50 - 10.00)

0.061

Calipometry, mm

13.00 (11.00 - 21.00)

55.00 (10.00 - 18.00)

18.00 (10.00 - 24.00)

24.00 (10.00 - 30.00)

0.125

Waist circumference, cm

73.00 (71.25 - 77.20)

72.50 (68.50 - 76.25)

72.00 (69.00 - 76.50)

85.00 (75.75 - 89.50)

0.086

Hip circumference, cm

93.75 (97.75 - 105.25)

94.50 (90.50 - 96.00)

97.50 (94.00 - 102.00)

110.00 (97.50 - 118.00)

0.071

**Table 2.** Metabolic Parameters in Studied Population According to Sitting Time per Week in Groups
Parameter	First group	Second group	Third group	Fourth group	P value
The groups were compared with ANOVA test after adjustment for age, sex and general physical activity. P value below 0.05 means the difference was statistically significant. LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; ANOVA: analysis of variance.
Total cholesterol, mmol/L	4.18 (0.84 - 4.91)	4.66 (4.08 - 5.13)	4.49 (3.95 - 5.17)	4.99 (4.49 - 5.71)	0.101
Triglycerides, mmol/L	1.18 (0.84 - 1.91)	1.16 (0.83 - 1.78)	1.08 (0.80 - 1.47)	1.24 (1.01 - 1.83)	0.130
LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L	2.07 (1.80 - 2.88)	2.42 (2.05 - 3.37)	2.57 (2.05 - 2.97)	2.8 (1.9 - 3.3)	0.097
HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L	1.53 (1.27 - 1.67)	1.50 (1.29 - 1.75)	1.52 (1.13 - 1.68)	1.37 (1.03 - 1.68)	0.035
Uric acid, µmol/L	228.0 (183.0 - 281.0)	250.0 (181.5 - 295.0)	236.0 (190.0 - 265.0)	256.0 (220.0 - 281.0)	0.544
Glucose, mmol/L	4.27 (3.90 - 4.63)	4.36 (4.34 - 5.26)	4.46 (4.10 - 4.94)	4.63 (4.24 - 5.26)	0.001

Table 2. Metabolic Parameters in Studied Population According to Sitting Time per Week in Groups

Parameter

First group

Second group

Third group

Fourth group

P value

The groups were compared with ANOVA test after adjustment for age, sex and general physical activity. P value below 0.05 means the difference was statistically significant. LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; ANOVA: analysis of variance.

Total cholesterol, mmol/L

4.18 (0.84 - 4.91)

4.66 (4.08 - 5.13)

4.49 (3.95 - 5.17)

4.99 (4.49 - 5.71)

0.101

Triglycerides, mmol/L

1.18 (0.84 - 1.91)

1.16 (0.83 - 1.78)

1.08 (0.80 - 1.47)

1.24 (1.01 - 1.83)

0.130

LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L

2.07 (1.80 - 2.88)

2.42 (2.05 - 3.37)

2.57 (2.05 - 2.97)

2.8 (1.9 - 3.3)

0.097

HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L

1.53 (1.27 - 1.67)

1.50 (1.29 - 1.75)

1.52 (1.13 - 1.68)

1.37 (1.03 - 1.68)

0.035

Uric acid, µmol/L

228.0 (183.0 - 281.0)

250.0 (181.5 - 295.0)

236.0 (190.0 - 265.0)

256.0 (220.0 - 281.0)

0.544

Glucose, mmol/L

4.27 (3.90 - 4.63)

4.36 (4.34 - 5.26)

4.46 (4.10 - 4.94)

4.63 (4.24 - 5.26)

0.001